Gabor T. Herman
Department of Computer Science
The Graduate Center
City University of New York
365
New York,
e-mail: gabortherman at
yahoo.com
phone: (212) 817-8193
Current Information
Books in
Print:
Geometry
of Digital Spaces, Birkhäuser Boston, 1998
Discrete
Tomography: Foundations, Algorithms, and Applications, Birkhäuser
Boston, 1999
3D
Imaging in Medicine, 2nd Edition, CRC Press, 2000
Advances in Discrete Tomography
and Its Applications, Birkhäuser Boston, 2007, NEW
Recent
and Current Courses:
The
Geometry of Digital Spaces, Department of Computer Science, The Graduate
Center, City University of New York, Fall 2002
Image
Processing, Computer Vision and Visualization, Department of Computer
Science, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Spring 2003
Discrete
Tomography, Department of Computer Science, The Graduate Center, City
University of New York, Fall 2003
Readings in
Computer Science: Algorithms for Image Reconstruction from Projections,
Department of Computer Science, The Graduate Center, City University of New
York, Spring 2004
Seminar in Image
Processing and Computer Vision, Department of Computer Science, The
Graduate Center, City University of New York, Spring 2004
Seminar in
Image Processing and Computer Vision, Department of Computer Science, The
Graduate Center, City University of New York, Spring 2005
Reconstruction
from Projections, Department of Computer Science, The Graduate Center, City
University of New York, Fall 2005
Seminar in
Image Processing and Computer Vision, Department of Computer Science, The
Graduate Center, City University of New York, Spring 2006
Discrete
Tomography and Its Applications, Department of Computer Science, The
Seminar
in Image Processing and Computation, Department of Computer Science, The
Statistical
Models in Computer Science, Department of Computer Science, The
Seminar
in Image Processing and Computer Vision, Department of Computer Science,
The
Reconstruction
from Projections, Department of Computer Science, The Graduate Center, City
University of New York, Fall 2008
Conferences
(since 2005):
Kalmár László Centenárium, March 27,
2005,
Imaging
& Visualization Mini-Conference, May 11, 2005,
Seminariedag i Medicinsk Bildbehandling,
May 19, 2005,
Workshop on
Discrete Tomography and Its Applications, June 13-15, 2005,
Computational Topology
Workshop, July 14, 2005,
New Mathematics and
Algorithms for 3-D Image Analysis, January 9-12, 2006,
An
Interdisciplinary Workshop on Mathematical Methods in Biomedical Imaging and
Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT), October 15-20, 2007,
Image Analysis Challenges in
Molecular Microscopy, January 28 – February 1. 2008,
IWCIA’08: International
Workshop on Combinatorial Image Analysis, April 7-9, 2008,
IWICA’09:
International Workshop on Combinatorial Image Analysis, November 24-27,
2009,
Available
Software:
SNARK05: A Programming System for 2-D Image
Reconstruction from Projections
Principal
Investigator on Current Grant:
Image
Processing in Biological 3D Electron Microscopy, National Institutes of
Health, HL070472, 2001-2009
Current
Editorial Positions:
Editorial
Board, Computerized
Medical Imaging and Graphics
Editorial
Board, International
Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology
Scientific
Affiliations:
Head, Discrete Imaging and Graphics Group
Faculty
Member, Institute for
Macromolecular Assemblies
Personal:
Married
to Marilyn Kirsch, an artist
The
drowned man returns to the shore guided by a little fish
(Copyright 2004, Marilyn Kirsch)
Brief Curriculum Vitae
Education:
University of London, B.Sc.(Mathematics), 1963
University of London, M.Sc. (Mathematics), 1964
University of California at Berkeley, M.S. (Electrical Engineering), 1966
University of London, Ph.D. (Mathematics), 1968
Faculty
Appointments:
1966-67: Lecturer in Computer Science, Brighton College of Technology,
England
1967-69: Instructor, IBM (UK) Ltd.
1969-70: Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, SUNY at Buffalo
1970-74: Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science, SUNY at Buffalo
1974-81: Professor, Department of Computer Science, SUNY at Buffalo
1981-00: Professor, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia
2000-01: Professor, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Temple
University, Philadelphia
2001- : Distinguished Professor, Department of Computer Science, The Graduate
Center, CUNY, New York
Honors:
1988: Erskine Fellow - University of Canterbury, New Zealand
1989: Honorary doctorate - Linköping University,
Sweden
1989: Honorary member - American Society of Neuro-Imaging
1991: Fellow - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1992: Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging
1993: Fellow - British Computer Society
1996: Fellow - American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
1998: Honorary doctorate - József Attila University,
Szeged, Hungary
2000: Honorary doctorate - University of Haifa, Israel
2001: Hewlett Packard Visiting Research Professor - Mathematical Sciences
Research Institute, Berkeley, California
Articles
that have been cited in the literature 100 or more times (as of April 1, 2008):
Gordon, R., Bender, R., Herman, G.T.: Algebraic reconstruction
techniques (ART) for three-dimensional electron microscopy and x-ray
photography, Journal of Theoretical Biology 29:471-482, 1970
Herman,
G.T., Lent, A., Rowland, S.: ART: Mathematics and applications (a report on the
mathematical foundations and on the applicability to real data of the algebraic
reconstruction techniques), Journal of Theoretical Biology 42:1-32, 1973
Gordon,
R., Herman, G.T.: 3-dimensional reconstruction from projections - Review of
algorithms, International Review of Cytology - A Survey of Cell Biology
38:111-151, 1974
Herman,
G.T., Lent, A.: Iterative reconstruction algorithms, Computers in Biology and
Medicine 6:273-294, 1976
Herman,
G.T., Liu, H.K.: Three-dimensional display of human
organs from computed tomograms, Computer Graphics and Image Processing 9:1-21,
1979
Artzy, E., Frieder, G., Herman, G.T.: The
theory, design, implementation and evaluation of a three-dimensional surface
detection algorithm, Computer Graphics and Image Processing 15:1-24, 1981
Hemmy, D.C.,
David, D.J., Herman, G.T.: Three-dimensional
reconstruction of craniofacial deformity using computed tomography,
Neurosurgery 13:534-541, 1983
Levitan, E.,
Herman, G.T.: A maximum a posteriori probability expectation maximization
algorithm for image reconstruction in emission tomography, IEEE Transactions on
Medical Imaging MI-6:185-192, 1987
Gur, R.C., Mozley, P.D., Resnick, S.M.,
Gottlieb, G.E., Kohn, M., Zimmerman, R., Herman, G., Atlas, S., Grossman, R., Berretta,
D., Erwin, R., Gur, R.E.: Gender differences in age
effect on brain atrophy measured by magnetic resonance imaging, Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences 88:2845-2849, 1991
Kohn,
M.I., Tanna, N.K., Herman, G.T., Resnick,
S.M., Mozley, P.D., Gur,
R.E., Alavi, A., Zimmerman, R.A., Gur,
R.C.: Analysis of brain and cerebrospinal fluid volumes with MR imaging. Part
1: Methods, reliability, and validation, Radiology 178:115-122, 1991
Gur, R.E., Mozley, P.D., Resnick, S.M., Shtasel, D., Kohn, M., Zimmerman, R., Herman, G., Atlas,
S., Grossman, R., Erwin, R., Gur, R.C.: Magnetic
resonance imaging in schizophrenia: I. Volumetric analysis of brain and
cerebrospinal fluid, Archives of General Psychiatry 48:407-412, 1991
Herman,
G.T., Zheng, J.,
Herman,
G.T., Meyer, L.B.: Algebraic reconstruction techniques can be made
computationally efficient, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 12:600-609,
1993
Articles
that have been cited in the literature 20 or more times but less than 100 times
(as of April 1, 2008):
Frieder, G., Herman, G.T.: Resolution in
reconstructing objects from electron micrographs, Journal of Theoretical
Biology 33:189-211, 1971
Herman,
G.T., Rowland S.: Resolution in ART: An experimental investigation of the
resolving power of an algebraic picture reconstruction technique, Journal of
Theoretical Biology, 33:213-223, 1971
Gordon,
R., Herman, G.T.: Reconstruction of pictures from their projections,
Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 14:759-768, 1971
Herman,
G.T., Rowland S.: Resolution in ART: An experimental investigation of the
resolving power of algebraic picture reconstruction technique, Journal of
Theoretical Biology, 33:213-223, 1971
Herman,
G.T.: Two direct methods for reconstructing pictures from their projections: A
comparative study, Computer Graphics and Image Processing 1:123-144, 1972
Herman,
G.T., Rowland, S.: Three methods for reconstructing objects from x-rays: A
comparative study, Computer Graphics and Image Processing 2:151-178, 1973
Robb,
R.A., Greenleaf, J.F., Ritman, E.L., Johnson, S.A., Sjostrand, J.D., Herman, G.T., Wood, E.H.:
Three-dimensional visualization of the intact thorax and contents: A technique
for cross-sectional reconstruction from multiplanar
x-ray views, Computers and Biomedical Research 7:395-419, 1974
Gordon,
R., Herman, G.T., Johnson, S.A.: Image reconstruction from projections, Scientific
American 233(4):56-68, 1975
Herman,
G.T.: A relaxation method for reconstructing objects from noisy x-rays,
Mathematical Programming 8:1-19, 1975
Herman,
G.T., Lakshminarayanan, A.V., Naparstek,
A.: Convolution reconstruction techniques for divergent beams, Computers in
Biology and Medicine 6:259-271, 1976
Herman,
G.T., Lent, A.: A computer implementation of a Bayesian analysis of image
reconstruction, Information and Control 31:364-384, 1976
Herman,
G.T., Lent, A.: Quadratic optimization for image reconstruction, I, Computer
Graphics and Image Processing 5:319-332, 1976
Herman,
G.T., Lakshminarayanan, A.V., Naparstek,
A., Ritman, E.L., Robb, R.A., Wood, E.H.: Rapid
computerized tomography, Medical Data Processing, Laudet,
M., Anderson, J., Begon, F.(eds.), Taylor and Francis
Ltd., London, England, 581-598, 1976
Herman,
G.T., Liu, H.K.: Display of three-dimensional information in computed
tomography, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 1:155-160, 1977
Herman,
G.T., Naparstek, A.: Fast image reconstruction based
on a Radon inversion formula appropriate for rapidly collected data, SIAM
Journal on Applied Mathematics 33:511-533, 1977
Herman,
G.T., Lent, A., Lutz, P.H.: Relaxation methods for image reconstruction,
Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 21:152-158, 1978
Herman,
G.T., Liu, H.K.: Dynamic boundary surface detection, Computer Graphics and
Image Processing 7:130-138, 1978
Herman,
G.T., Lent, A.: A family of iterative quadratic
optimization algorithms for pairs of inequalities, with applications in
diagnostic radiology, Mathematical Programming Study 9:15-29, 1978
Herman,
G.T.: Correction for beam hardening in computed tomography, Physics in Medicine
and Biology 24:81-106, 1979
Herman,
G.T., Hurwitz, H., Lent, A., Lung, H.P.: Bayesian approach to image
reconstruction, Information and Control 42:60-71, 1979
Herman,
G.T., Coin, C.G.: The use of three-dimensional computer display in the study of
disk disease, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 4:564-567, 1980
Altschuler, M.D.,
Censor, Y., Eggermont, P.P.B., Herman, G.T., Kuo, Y.H., Lewitt, R.M., McKay,
M., Tuy, H., Udupa, J., Yau, M.M.: Demonstration of a software package for the
reconstruction of the dynamically changing structure of the human heart from
cone-beam x-ray projections, Journal of Medical Systems 4:289-304, 1980
Eggermont,
P.P.B., Herman, G.T., Lent, A.: Iterative algorithms for large partitioned
linear systems, with applications to image reconstruction, Linear Algebra and
Its Applications 40:37-67, 1981
Herman,
G.T., Webster, D.: Surfaces of organs in discrete three-dimensional space,
Mathematical Aspects of Computerized Tomography, Herman, G.T., Natterer, F. (eds.),
Herman,
G.T., Udupa, J.K.: Display of three-dimensional
discrete surfaces, Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation
Engineers 283:90-97, 1981
Udupa, J.K., Srihari, S.N., Herman, G.T.: Boundary detection in multidimensions, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and
Machine Intelligence 4:41-50, 1982
Herman,
G.T., Reynolds, R.A., Udupa, J.K.: Computer
techniques for the representation of three-dimensional data on a
two-dimensional display, Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical
Instrumentation Engineers 367:3-14, 1982
Axel, L.,
Herman, G.T., Udupa, J.K., Bottomley,
P.A., Edelstein, W.A.: Three-dimensional display of
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) cardiovascular images, Journal of Computer
Assisted Tomography 7:172-174, 1983
Herman,
G.T., Webster, D.: A topological proof of a surface tracking algorithm,
Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing 23:162-177, 1983
Herman,
G.T., Udupa, J.K.: Display of 3-D digital images:
Computational foundations and medical applications, IEEE Computer Graphics and
Applications 3(5):39-46, 1983
Chen,
L.S., Herman, G.T., Reynolds, R.A., Udupa, J.K.:
Surface shading in the cuberille environment, IEEE
Computer Graphics and Applications 5(12):33-43, 1985 (Erratum appeared in
6(2):67-69, 1986)
Raichlen, J.S., Trivedi, S.S., Herman, G.T., St. John Sutton, M.G., Reichek, N.: Dynamic three-dimensional reconstruction of
the left ventricle from two-dimensional echocardiograms, Journal of the
American College of Cardiology 8:364-370, 1986
DeMarino, D.P.,
Steiner, E., Poster, R. Katzberg, R.W., Hengerer, A.S., Herman, G.T.,
Censor,
Y., Herman, G.T.: On some optimization techniques in image reconstruction from
projections, Applied Numerical Mathematics 3:365-391, 1987
Edholm, P.R.,
Herman, G.T.: Linograms in image reconstruction from
projections, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 6:301-307, 1987
Herman,
G.T.: Three-dimensional imaging on a CT or MR scanner, Journal of Computer
Assisted Tomography 12:450-458, 1988
Edholm, P.R.,
Herman, G.T., Roberts, D.A.: Image reconstruction from linograms
- Implementation and evaluation, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 7:239-246,
1988
Toennies, K.D., Udupa, J.K., Herman, G.T., Wornom,
I.L., Buchman, S.R.: Registration of three dimensional objects and surfaces,
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 10(3):52-62, 1990.
Herman,
G.T., Odhner, D.: Performance evaluation of an
iterative image reconstruction algorithm for positron emission tomography, IEEE
Transactions on Medical Imaging 10:336-346, 1991
Herman,
G.T.: Discrete multidimensional
Levkowitz, H.,
Herman, G.T.: Color scales for image data, IEEE
Computer Graphics and Applications 12(1):72-80, 1992
Levkowitz, H.,
Herman, G.T.: GLHS: A generalized lightness, hue, and
saturation color model, CVPIG: Graphical Models and Image Processing 55:271-285,
1993
Herman,
G.T.: Oriented surfaces in digital spaces, CVGIP: Graphical Models and Image Processing 55:381-396, 1993
Furuie, S.S.,
Herman, G.T., Narayan, T.K., Kinahan,
P., Karp, J.S., Lewitt, R.M., Matej,
S.: A methodology for testing statistically significant differences between
fully 3-D PET reconstruction algorithms, Physics in Medicine and Biology
39:341-354, 1994
Matej, S.,
Herman, G.T., Narayan, T.K., Furuie,
S.S., Lewitt, R.M., Kinahan,
P.: Evaluation of task-oriented performance of several
fully 3-D PET reconstruction algorithms, Physics in Medicine and Biology
39:355-367, 1994
Mozley, P.D., Gur, R.E., Resnick, S.M., Stasel, D.L., Richards, J., Kohn, M., Grossman, R., Herman,
G., Gur, R.C.: Magnetic resonance imaging in
schizophrenia - Relationship with clinical measures, Schizophrenia Research
12:195-203, 1994
Kinahan, P.E., Matej, S., Karp, J.S., Herman, G.T., Lewitt,
R.M.: A comparison of transform and iterative reconstruction techniques for a
volume-imaging PET scanner with a large axial acceptance angle, IEEE
Transactions on Nuclear Science 42:2281-2287, 1995
Marabini, R., Rietzel, E., Schroeder, R., Herman, G.T., Carazo, J.M.: Three-dimensional reconstruction from reduced sets of
very noisy images acquired following a single-axis tilt schema: Application of
a new three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm and objective comparison with
weighted backprojection, Journal of Structural
Biology 120:363-371, 1997
Marabini, R.,
Herman, G.T., Carazo, J.-M.: 3D reconstruction in electron microscopy using ART
with smooth spherically symmetric volume elements (blobs), Ultramicroscopy
72:53-65, 1998
Maki,
D.D., Birnbaum, B.A., Chakraborty,
D.P., Jacobs, J.E., Carvalho, B.M., Herman, G.T.:
Renal cyst pseudo-enhancement: Beam hardening effects on CT numbers, Radiology
213:468-472, 1999
Kuba, A., Herman,
G.T.: Discrete tomography: A historical overview.
Discrete Tomography: Foundations, Algorithms, and Applications, Herman, G.T., Kuba, A. (eds.),
Carvalho, B.M, Gau, C.J., Herman, G.T., Kong, T.Y.: Algorithms for fuzzy
segmentation, Pattern Analysis and Applications 2:73-81, 1999
Obi, T., Matej, S., Lewitt, R.M., Herman,
G.T.: 2.5-D simultaneous
multislice reconstruction by series expansion methods from Fourier- rebinned PET data, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 19:474-484, 2000
Herman,
G.T., Carvalho, B.M.: Multiseeded
segmentation using fuzzy connectedness, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis
and Machine Intelligence, 23:460-474, 2001
Sorzano, C.O.S., Marabini, R., Boisset, N., Rietzel, E., Schroeder, R., Herman, G.T., Carazo, J.M.: The
effect of overabundant projection directions on 3D reconstruction algorithms,
Journal of Structural Biology, 133:108-118, 2001
Scheres, S.H.W.,
Valle, M., Nuñez, R., Sorzano,
C.O.S., Marabini, R., Herman, G.T., Carazo, J.-M.:
Maximum-likelihood multi-reference refinement for electron microscopy images,
Journal of Molecular Biology, 348:139-149, 2005
Other
archival publications (since 2002):
Udupa, J.K.,
Herman, G.T.: Medical image reconstruction, processing, visualization and
analysis: The MIPG perspective, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging,
21:281-295, 2002
Censor,
Y., Herman, G.T.: Block-iterative algorithms with underrelaxed
Bregman projections, SIAM Journal on Optimization,
13:283-297, 2002
Zubelli, J.P., Marabini, R., Sorzano, C.O.S.,
Herman, G.T.: Three-Dimensional reconstruction by Chahine's
method from electron microscopic projections corrupted by instrumental
aberration, Inverse Problems, 19:933-949, 2003
Herman,
G.T., Kuba, A.: Discrete tomography in medical
imaging, Proceedings of the IEEE, 91:1612-1626, 2003
Sorzano, C.O.S., Marabini, R., Herman, G.T., Censor, Y., Carazo, J.M.:
Transfer function restoration in 3D electron microscopy via iterative data
refinement, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 49:509-522, 2004
Fourey, S., Kong,
T.Y., Herman, G.T.: Generic axiomatized
digital surface structures, Discrete Applied Mathematics, 139:65-93, 2004
Garduño, E.,
Herman, G.T.: Optimization of basis functions for both
reconstruction and visualization, Discrete Applied Mathematics, 139:95-111,
2004
Liao,
H.Y., Herman, G.T.: Automated estimation of Gibbs priors to be used in binary
tomography, Discrete Applied Mathematics, 139:149-170, 2004
Marabini, R., Sorzano, C.O.S., Matej, S., Fernández, J.J., Carazo, J.M., Herman, G.T.: 3D
reconstruction of 2D crystals in real space, IEEE Transactions on Image
Processing, 13:549-561, 2004
Liao,
H.Y., Herman, G.T.: Discrete tomography with a very few views, using
Gibbs priors and a Marginal Posterior Mode approach, Electronic Notes in
Discrete Mathematics, 20:399-418, 2005
Alpers, A.,
Knudsen, E., Poulsen, H.F., Herman, G.T.: Resolving
ambiguities in reconstructed grain maps using discrete tomography, Electronic
Notes in Discrete Mathematics, 20:419-437, 2005
Rodek, L.,
Knudsen, E., Poulsen, H.F., Herman, G.T.: Discrete tomographic reconstruction of 2D polycrystal
orientation maps from X-ray diffraction projections using Gibbs priors,
Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics, 20:439-453, 2005
Carvalho, B.M.,
Herman, G.T., Kong, T.Y.: Simultaneous fuzzy segmentation of multiple objects,
Discrete Applied Mathematics, 151:55-77, 2005
Liao,
H.Y., Herman, G.T.: A coordinate ascent approach to tomographic
reconstruction of label images from a few projections, Discrete Applied
Mathematics, 151:184-197, 2005
Sorzano, C.O.S., Marabini, R., Herman, G.T., Carazo, J.-M.: Multiobjective algorithm parameter optimization using
multivariate statistics in three-dimensional electron microscopy reconstruction,
Pattern Recognition, 38:2587-2601, 2005
Garduño, E.,
Herman, G.T.: Implicit surface visualization of reconstructed biological
molecules, Theoretical Computer Science, 346:281-299, 2005
Alpers, A., Poulsen, H.F., Knudsen, E., Herman, G.T.: A discrete tomography
algorithm for improving the quality of three-dimensional X-ray diffraction
grain maps, Journal of Applied Crystallography, 39:582-588, 2006
Liao,
H.Y., Herman, G.T.: A method for reconstructing label
images from a few projections, as motivated by electron microscopy, Annals of
Operations Research, 148:117-132, 2006
Fu, X.,
Knudsen, E., Poulsen, H.F., Herman, G.T., Carvalho, B.M., Liao, H.Y.: Optimized algebraic
reconstruction technique for generation of grain maps based on
three-dimensional X-ray diffraction (3DXRD), Optical Engineering, 45:116501,
2006
Carvalho, B.M.,
Herman, G.T.: Low-dose, large-angled cone-beam helical CT data reconstruction
using algebraic reconstruction techniques, Image and Vision Computing,
25:78-94, 2007
Scheres, S.H.W., Gao, H., Valle, M., Herman, G.T., Eggermont, P.P.B., Frank, J., Carazo, J.-M.: Disentangling
conformational states of macromolecules in 3D-EM through likelihood
optimization, Nature Methods, 4:27-29, 2007
Rodek, L., Poulsen, H.F., Knudsen, E., Herman, G.T.: A stochastic
algorithm for reconstruction of grain
maps of moderately deformed specimens based
on X-ray diffraction, Journal of Applied Crystallography, 40:313-321,
2007
Herman, G.T.: Boundaries in digital spaces, Applied
General Topology, 8:93-149, 2007
Butnariu, D., Davidi, R., Herman, G.T., Kazansev,
I.G.: Stable convergence behavior under summable
perturbations of a class of projection methods for convex feasibility and
optimization problems, IEEE Journal of
Selected Topics in Signal Processing, 1:540-547, 2007
Censor,
Y., Elfving, T., Herman, G.T., Nikazad,
T.: On diagonally-relaxed orthogonal projection
methods, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 30:473-504, 2007
Sorzano, C.O.S.,
Velázquez-Muriel, J.A., Marabini, R., Herman, G.T.,
Carazo, J.M.: Volumetric restrictions in single particle 3DEM
reconstruction, Pattern
Recognition, 41:616-626, 2008
Herman,
G.T., Chen, W.: A fast algorithm for solving a linear feasibility problem with
application to intensity-modulated radiation therapy, Linear Algebra and Its
Applications, 428:1207-1217, 2008
Herman, G.T., Kalinowski,
M.: Classification of heterogeneous electron microscopic projections into
homogeneous subsets, Ultramicroscopy, 108:327-338,
2008